PertengahanTutorial·15 min

Mengira Sisihan Piawai dalam Excel & Python

Tutorial langkah demi langkah untuk mengira sisihan piawai dalam Excel (STDEV.S, STDEV.P) dan Python (numpy, pandas, statistics). Dengan contoh kod.

Excel: Gambaran Keseluruhan

Microsoft Excel menyediakan fungsi terbina dalam untuk mengira sisihan piawai sampel dan populasi. Fungsi-fungsi ini tersedia dalam semua versi moden Excel.

Fungsi Excel

Fungsi	Jenis	Penerangan
`STDEV.S()`	Sampel	Sisihan piawai sampel (bahagi dengan n-1)
`STDEV.P()`	Populasi	Sisihan piawai populasi (bahagi dengan N)
`STDEV()`	Sampel	Fungsi warisan, sama seperti STDEV.S
`STDEVP()`	Populasi	Fungsi warisan, sama seperti STDEV.P

Contoh Excel

Excel Formulas

// Data in cells A1:A10
=STDEV.S(A1:A10)     // Sample SD
=STDEV.P(A1:A10)     // Population SD

// For specific values
=STDEV.S(4, 8, 6, 5, 3)    // Returns 1.924

// Ignoring text and logical values
=STDEV.S(A1:A10)    // Ignores text
=STDEVA(A1:A10)     // Includes text as 0

Petua Pro

Gunakan STDEV.S untuk kebanyakan analisis dunia sebenar. Hanya gunakan STDEV.P apabila anda pasti mempunyai populasi yang lengkap.

Python: Gambaran Keseluruhan

Python menawarkan pelbagai cara untuk mengira sisihan piawai. Pustaka yang paling lazim ialah NumPy, Pandas, dan modul statistics terbina dalam.

Menggunakan NumPy

Python (NumPy)

import numpy as np

data = [4, 8, 6, 5, 3]

# Population standard deviation (default)
pop_sd = np.std(data)
print(f"Population SD: {pop_sd}")  # 1.720

# Sample standard deviation
sample_sd = np.std(data, ddof=1)
print(f"Sample SD: {sample_sd}")  # 1.924

Apakah ddof?

ddof bermaksud “Delta Darjah Kebebasan”. Menetapkan ddof=1 memberitahu NumPy untuk membahagi dengan (n-1) bagi SD sampel. Nilai lalai ddof=0 memberikan SD populasi.

Menggunakan Pandas

Python (Pandas)

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({'scores': [85, 90, 78, 92, 88]})

# Sample SD (default in pandas)
sample_sd = df['scores'].std()
print(f"Sample SD: {sample_sd}")

# Population SD
pop_sd = df['scores'].std(ddof=0)
print(f"Population SD: {pop_sd}")

# Multiple columns at once
df.std()  # Returns SD for all numeric columns

Perbandingan Pantas

Alat	SD Sampel	SD Populasi
Excel	`STDEV.S()`	`STDEV.P()`
NumPy	`np.std(data, ddof=1)`	`np.std(data)`
Pandas	`df.std()`	`df.std(ddof=0)`
Python statistics	`stdev()`	`pstdev()`

How to Read This Article

A statistics tutorial is a practical interpretation guide, not just a formula dump. It refers to the assumptions, notation, and reporting language that analysts need when they explain a result to a teacher, manager, client, or reviewer. The article body covers the specific topic, while the sections below create a common interpretation frame that readers can reuse across related metrics.

Reading goal	What to focus on	Common mistake
Definition	What the metric is and what quantity it summarizes	Treating the formula as self-explanatory
Formula choice	Sample versus population assumptions and notation	Using n when n-1 is required or vice versa
Interpretation	Whether the result indicates concentration, spread, or risk	Calling a large value good or bad without context

Frequently Asked Questions

How should I interpret a high standard deviation?

A high standard deviation means the observations are spread farther from the mean on average. Whether that spread is acceptable depends on the context: wide dispersion might signal risk in finance, instability in manufacturing, or genuine natural variation in scientific data.

Why do some articles mention n while others mention n-1?

The denominator reflects the difference between population and sample formulas. Population variance and population standard deviation use N because the full dataset is known. Sample variance and sample standard deviation often use n-1 because Bessel’s correction reduces bias when estimating population spread from a sample.

What is a statistical interpretation guide?

A statistical interpretation guide is a page that moves beyond arithmetic and explains meaning. It tells you what a metric is, when the formula applies, and how to describe the result in plain English without overstating certainty.

Can I cite this article in a report?

You should cite the underlying authoritative reference for formal work whenever possible. This page is best used as an explanatory bridge that helps you understand the concept before quoting the original standard or handbook.

Why include direct citations on every article page?

Direct citations give readers a route to verify the definition, notation, and assumptions. That improves trust and reduces the chance that a simplified explanation is mistaken for the entire technical standard.

Authoritative References

These sources define the concepts referenced most often across our articles. Bessel's correction is a sample adjustment, variance is a squared measure of spread, and standard deviation is the square root of variance expressed in the same units as the data.