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SDCalc
中級チュートリアル·15 min

ExcelとPythonで標準偏差を計算する方法

Excel(STDEV.S、STDEV.P)とPython(numpy、pandas、statistics)で標準偏差を計算するステップバイステップのチュートリアル。コード例付き。

Excel:概要

Microsoft Excelには、標本標準偏差と母集団標準偏差の両方を計算する組み込み関数が用意されています。これらの関数は、最新版のExcelすべてで利用可能です。

Excelの関数

関数種類説明
`STDEV.S()`標本標本標準偏差(n-1で割る)
`STDEV.P()`母集団母集団標準偏差(Nで割る)
`STDEV()`標本旧関数、STDEV.Sと同じ
`STDEVP()`母集団旧関数、STDEV.Pと同じ

Excelの例

Excel Formulas
// Data in cells A1:A10
=STDEV.S(A1:A10)     // Sample SD
=STDEV.P(A1:A10)     // Population SD

// For specific values
=STDEV.S(4, 8, 6, 5, 3)    // Returns 1.924

// Ignoring text and logical values
=STDEV.S(A1:A10)    // Ignores text
=STDEVA(A1:A10)     // Includes text as 0

便利なヒント

ほとんどの実データ分析にはSTDEV.Sを使用してください。STDEV.Pは、完全な母集団のデータであると確信できる場合にのみ使用します。

Python:概要

Pythonには標準偏差を計算する方法が複数あります。最もよく使われるライブラリは、NumPyPandas、そして組み込みのstatisticsモジュールです。

NumPyの使い方

Python (NumPy)
import numpy as np

data = [4, 8, 6, 5, 3]

# Population standard deviation (default)
pop_sd = np.std(data)
print(f"Population SD: {pop_sd}")  # 1.720

# Sample standard deviation
sample_sd = np.std(data, ddof=1)
print(f"Sample SD: {sample_sd}")  # 1.924

ddofとは?

ddofは「自由度の差分(Delta Degrees of Freedom)」の略です。ddof=1を設定すると、NumPyは標本標準偏差を計算するために(n-1)で割ります。デフォルトのddof=0は母集団標準偏差を返します。

Pandasの使い方

Python (Pandas)
import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({'scores': [85, 90, 78, 92, 88]})

# Sample SD (default in pandas)
sample_sd = df['scores'].std()
print(f"Sample SD: {sample_sd}")

# Population SD
pop_sd = df['scores'].std(ddof=0)
print(f"Population SD: {pop_sd}")

# Multiple columns at once
df.std()  # Returns SD for all numeric columns

ツール比較

ツール標本標準偏差母集団標準偏差
Excel`STDEV.S()``STDEV.P()`
NumPy`np.std(data, ddof=1)``np.std(data)`
Pandas`df.std()``df.std(ddof=0)`
Python statistics`stdev()``pstdev()`

Further Reading

How to Read This Article

A statistics tutorial is a practical interpretation guide, not just a formula dump. It refers to the assumptions, notation, and reporting language that analysts need when they explain a result to a teacher, manager, client, or reviewer. The article body covers the specific topic, while the sections below create a common interpretation frame that readers can reuse across related metrics.

Reading goalWhat to focus onCommon mistake
DefinitionWhat the metric is and what quantity it summarizesTreating the formula as self-explanatory
Formula choiceSample versus population assumptions and notationUsing n when n-1 is required or vice versa
InterpretationWhether the result indicates concentration, spread, or riskCalling a large value good or bad without context

Frequently Asked Questions

How should I interpret a high standard deviation?

A high standard deviation means the observations are spread farther from the mean on average. Whether that spread is acceptable depends on the context: wide dispersion might signal risk in finance, instability in manufacturing, or genuine natural variation in scientific data.

Why do some articles mention n while others mention n-1?

The denominator reflects the difference between population and sample formulas. Population variance and population standard deviation use N because the full dataset is known. Sample variance and sample standard deviation often use n-1 because Bessel’s correction reduces bias when estimating population spread from a sample.

What is a statistical interpretation guide?

A statistical interpretation guide is a page that moves beyond arithmetic and explains meaning. It tells you what a metric is, when the formula applies, and how to describe the result in plain English without overstating certainty.

Can I cite this article in a report?

You should cite the underlying authoritative reference for formal work whenever possible. This page is best used as an explanatory bridge that helps you understand the concept before quoting the original standard or handbook.

Why include direct citations on every article page?

Direct citations give readers a route to verify the definition, notation, and assumptions. That improves trust and reduces the chance that a simplified explanation is mistaken for the entire technical standard.

Authoritative References

These sources define the concepts referenced most often across our articles. Bessel's correction is a sample adjustment, variance is a squared measure of spread, and standard deviation is the square root of variance expressed in the same units as the data.